The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors; Or, Christianity Before Christ — A Closer Reading
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CHAPTER I. RIVAL CLAIMS OF THE SAVIORS
IT is claimed by the disciples of Jesus Christ, that he was of supernatural and divine origin; that he had a human being for a mother, and a God for his father; that, although he was woman-conceived, he was Deity-begotten, and molded in the human form, but comprehending in essence a full measure of the infinite Godhead; thus making him half human and half divine in his sublunary origin. It is claimed that he was full and perfect God, and perfect man; and while he was God, he was also the son of God, and as such was sent down by his father to save a fallen and guilty world; and that thus his mission pertained to the whole human race; and his inspired seers are made to declare that ultimately every nation, tongue, kindred, and people under heaven will acknowledge allegiance to his government, and concede his right to reign and rule the world; that "every knee must bow, and every tongue confess that Jesus is Lord, to the glory of God the Father."
But we do not find that this prophecy has ever been or is likely to be fulfilled. We do not observe that this claim to the infinite deityship of Jesus Christ has been or is likely to be universally conceded. On the contrary, it is found that by a portion, and a large portion of the people of even those nations now called Christian, this claim has been steadily and unswervingly controverted, through the whole line of history, stretching through the nearly two thousand years which have elapsed since his advent to earth.
Even some of those who are represented to have been personally acquainted with him--aye! some of his own brethren in the flesh, children in the same household, children of the same mother--had the temerity to question the tenableness of his claim to a divine emanation. And when we extend our researches to other countries, we find this claim, so far from being conceded, is denied and contested by whole nations upon other grounds. It is met and confronted by rival claims.
Upon this ground hundreds of millions of the established believers in divine revelation--hundreds of millions of believers in the divine character and origin of religion--eject the pretentions set up for Jesus Christ. They admit both a God and a Savior, but do not accept Jesus of Nazareth as being either. They admit a Messiah, but not the Messiah; these nations contend that the title is misplaced which makes "the man Christ Jesus" the Savior of the world. They claim to have been honored with the birth of the true Savior among them, and defend this claim upon the ground of priority of date. They aver that the advent of their Messiahs were long prior to that of the Christians', and that this circumstance adjudicates for them a superiority of claim as to having had the true Messiah born upon their soil.
It is argued that, as the story of the incarnation of the Christians' Savior is of more recent date than that of these oriental and ancient religions (as is conceded by Christians themselves), the origin of the former is thus indicated and foreshadowed as being an outgrowth from, if not a plagiarism upon the latter--a borrowed copy, of which the pagan stories furnish the original. Here, then, we observe a rivalship of claims, as to which of the remarkable personages who have figured in the world as Saviors, Messiahs, and Sons of God, in different ages and different countries, can be considered the true Savior and "sent of God" or whether all should be, or the claims of all rejected.
For researches into oriental history reveal the remarkable fact that stories of incarnate Gods answering to and resembling the miraculous character of Jesus Christ have been prevalent in most if not all the principal religious heathen nations of antiquity; and the accounts and narrations of some of these deific incarnations bear such a striking resemblance to that of the Christian Savior--not only in their general features, but in some cases in the most minute details, from the legend of the immaculate conception to that of the crucifixion, and subsequent ascension into heaven--that one might almost be mistaken for the other.
Kersey Graves's The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors (1875) opens with a bold claim: the central tenets of Christianity—virgin birth, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension—were not unique to Jesus but were shared by a host of pre-Christian savior figures from diverse cultures. The book's subtitle, Christianity Before Christ, signals its thesis that the New Testament narratives are derivative of older pagan myths. Graves organizes his argument around sixteen crucified gods, including Chrishna, Sakia, and Osiris, and devotes chapters to topics such as miraculous conception, the December 25 birthday, and the descent into hell. The work is structured as a comparative religious study, drawing on sources like Higgins and Faber, though it often relies on nineteenth-century scholarship now considered outdated. Readers should approach the text as a historical artifact of freethought polemic rather than a modern academic analysis.
Cycles and the Advent of Saviors
A recurring structural pattern in Graves's argument is the concept of sacred cycles. He asserts that savior figures appeared at the commencement of six-hundred-year cycles, a tradition he traces to Egyptian, Greek, and Roman sources. For instance, he writes that Chrishna and Zoroaster 2nd emerged at the start of the eighth cycle, while Jesus Christ and Salavahana belong to the tenth. Graves cites the phoenix myth—a bird that renews itself every six hundred years—as evidence of this cyclical belief. He also notes that Noah's age at the flood (six hundred years) aligns with Egyptian flood traditions. This cyclical framework allows Graves to position Jesus as one among many cyclical saviors, not a singular historical figure. The pattern is used to explain the timing of messianic prophecies, including Daniel's seventy weeks, which Graves interprets through a cyclical lens.
Parallel Lives: Chrishna and Christ
Graves devotes an entire chapter to enumerating 346 analogies between Christ and the Hindu god Chrishna (Krishna). Among the parallels he draws: both were of royal descent but born in humble circumstances; both were visited by shepherds and magi at birth; both performed miracles and were crucified; both descended into hell and resurrected. Graves relies on the work of Higgins and other Orientalists to support these claims. However, the excerpts do not provide the full list of analogies, so the reader cannot verify the accuracy or selectivity of Graves's comparisons. The chapter exemplifies Graves's method of accumulating parallel details to argue for borrowing, though modern scholarship often treats such parallels as coincidental or the result of later Christian influence on Hindu texts. The sheer number of claimed analogies is meant to overwhelm skepticism, but the evidence is presented without critical source analysis.
The Rhetoric of Revelation
Graves's prose is marked by a tone of unveiling hidden truths. The title page promises "new, startling, and extraordinary revelations in religious history," and the preface likely frames the work as exposing mysteries long concealed by clergy. This rhetoric positions the reader as a recipient of forbidden knowledge. Graves frequently uses exclamatory language and rhetorical questions to challenge orthodox beliefs. For example, he describes the cyclical explanation of Daniel's prophecy as "of easy solution" once the "Cycular key" is applied. The book's structure—a series of chapters each targeting a specific Christian doctrine—mirrors a legal brief, amassing evidence to undermine the uniqueness of Christianity. Readers should note that Graves's argument is not disinterested inquiry but a polemic aimed at discrediting organized religion. The work belongs to the tradition of American freethought and should be read with attention to its rhetorical strategies as much as its historical claims.
Graves's book is best approached as a document of nineteenth-century religious skepticism rather than a reliable comparative study. Readers interested in the history of freethought or the development of the Christ-myth theory will find it a seminal text. However, those seeking accurate information about pagan religions should consult modern scholarship. The work's value lies in its audacious synthesis and its reflection of the intellectual currents that shaped early secularist thought.
Reading Kersey Graves’s catalog of sixteen crucified saviors felt less like an argument and more like a slow unwinding of inherited stories. I kept thinking of a quiet afternoon with Zen Buddhism, and Its Relation to Art — A Closer Reading. Both books, in their own way, trace how meaning drifts across cultures, reshaping what we hold sacred. That particular echo—of borrowed light—lingered with me for days.
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